{"id":2242,"date":"2025-12-05T14:22:08","date_gmt":"2025-12-05T12:22:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/military-electronic-warfare-and-electronic-warfare-systems-operating-principles-classification-and-combat-capabilities\/"},"modified":"2025-12-05T15:04:48","modified_gmt":"2025-12-05T13:04:48","slug":"military-electronic-warfare-and-electronic-warfare-systems-operating-principles-classification-and-combat-capabilities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/military-electronic-warfare-and-electronic-warfare-systems-operating-principles-classification-and-combat-capabilities\/","title":{"rendered":"Military electronic warfare and electronic warfare systems: operating principles, classification and combat capabilities"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"single-post-section__content\">\n    <div class=\"main-content\">\n        <div class=\"top-section\">\n            \n            <div class=\"date\">\n                05.12.2025            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"post-section\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"672\" height=\"317\" src=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/snymok-\u044dkrana-2025-10-30-152441.png\" class=\"attachment-1728x864 size-1728x864 wp-post-image\" alt=\"Military electronic warfare and electronic warfare systems: operating principles, classification and combat capabilities\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/snymok-\u044dkrana-2025-10-30-152441.png 672w, https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/snymok-\u044dkrana-2025-10-30-152441-300x142.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\" \/>\n            <h1>Military electronic warfare and electronic warfare systems: operating principles, classification and combat capabilities<\/h1>\n\n            <p><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"content-section\">\n                            <div class=\"context\">\n                    <h2>Article content<\/h2>\n\n                    <ul class=\"items\">\n                                                    <li>What are RER and EWR?<\/li>\n                                                    <li>Main differences between EW and RER<\/li>\n                                                    <li>Cooperation between EW and RER<\/li>\n                                                    <li>How electronic warfare works on the modern battlefield<\/li>\n                                                    <li>Electronic warfare and electronic warfare technologies and systems in Ukraine<\/li>\n                                                    <li>The role of electronic warfare and electronic warfare in warfare and modern operations<\/li>\n                                                    <li>Advantages and challenges of using EW and RER<\/li>\n                                                    <li>Private production and innovation in Ukraine<\/li>\n                                                    <li>Prospects for the development of electronic warfare and electronic warfare in Ukraine<\/li>\n                                            <\/ul>\n                <\/div>\n            \n                            <div class=\"content\">\n                    <p>Modern warfare is no longer limited to tanks and artillery. The invisible battle is taking place in the radio frequency spectrum \u2014 where commands are transmitted to drones, satellite navigation operates, and communication between units takes place. This is where military electronic warfare (EW) and electronic warfare (EW) systems come to the fore \u2014 technologies that allow detecting, analyzing, and suppressing enemy electronic signals.  <\/p>\n<h2>\nWhat are RER and EWR?<\/h2>\n<p>These two acronyms are often mentioned together, but they perform fundamentally different functions on the battlefield. EW and RER work closely together, but each has its own tasks. <\/p>\n<h3>\nElectronic warfare (EW)<\/h3>\n<p>What is EW? EW is a set of measures aimed at suppressing or disrupting the operation of enemy radio-electronic means. Simply put, these are technologies that &#8220;jam&#8221; communications, GPS, drone control systems, or even radar. The task of EW is to make it impossible or difficult for the enemy to use electronic systems.   <\/p>\n<p>Main EW methods:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jamming <\/strong>\u2014 creating powerful radio interference that muffles signals<\/li>\n<li><strong>Deception <\/strong>&#8211; transmitting false data, for example, simulating GPS coordinates<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reflection<\/strong> &#8211; masking real objects by creating false radar signatures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\nRadio-electronic reconnaissance (RER)<\/h3>\n<p>PER is a passive collection of information about the enemy&#8217;s radio-electronic activity. PER systems intercept signals, analyze their parameters, determine the coordinates of radiation sources and record frequencies. In fact, PER is a technology that consists in hearing, but not being heard. PER works in such a way that it does not emit its own radiation when collecting enemy information.   <\/p>\n<p>What does the RER do:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Detects active radars, communication stations, control systems<\/li>\n<li>Determines the location of signal sources<\/li>\n<li>Analyzes the radiation characteristics of enemy systems<\/li>\n<li>Collects data for planning EW operations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Main differences between EW and RER<\/h2>\n<p>The main difference is in the approach to work. To put it very simply, RER and EW can be imagined as a \u201clistener\u201d and a \u201cspeaker\u201d, but in real conditions everything is much more complicated. <\/p>\n<p>PER works passively: it is silent, just an \u201cear on the air\u201d. It fixes all active signal sources, determines frequencies, modulation types, packet structure, power level, direction to the source. It does not unmask itself, and this is its strength &#8211; the enemy does not know that he has been \u201cled\u201d for a long time.  <\/p>\n<p>Electronic warfare is the opposite. It is an active system of pressure on the airwaves. It emits interference, clogs channels, disrupts navigation, interrupts telemetry, creates false signals, and sometimes even imitates the operation of its own means to disorient the enemy.  <\/p>\n<h3>\nCooperation between EW and RER<\/h3>\n<p>Imagine an enemy night raid on the contact line, when drones are launched from their side &#8211; one corrective, one for resets, and several more FPVs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Stage of PEP operation (passive detection):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The RER complex is the first to &#8220;hear&#8221; the appearance of drones on the air.<\/li>\n<li>It alerts the operators, and a spectrum of signals appears on the screen: you can see the frequencies at which the FPV operates, the telemetry of the correction drone, and even the activity of their ground control.<\/li>\n<li>The system determines the direction to each source \u2014 where exactly the control station is located, at what altitude the drone is flying, and what type of transmitter it has.<\/li>\n<li>After analyzing the PER, it formulates recommendations on which frequencies can be &#8220;pressed&#8221; and which ones are better left untouched so as not to interfere with the work of its own.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>At this point, the enemy doesn&#8217;t suspect anything \u2014 he thinks his drones are operating normally.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Stage of EW operation (active impact):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When the FPV drones approach the positions, the electronic warfare system is activated. A powerful jammer is created at the desired frequencies, and the first FPV drone immediately loses stable communication. <\/li>\n<li>The enemy correction drone tries to change the channel, but the EPR has already tracked its &#8220;hopping&#8221;, so the EW adjusts and finishes the telemetry.<\/li>\n<li>If the enemy tries to switch to a backup range or increase the transmitter power, the EPR again detects the changes, and the EW adjusts the level and type of interference.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As a result, some drones land, some &#8220;hang&#8221; in an uncontrolled mode, and FPVs begin to circle in uncontrollable trajectories, which actually disrupts the attack and saves the lives of our soldiers.<\/p>\n<h2>\nHow electronic warfare works on the modern battlefield<\/h2>\n<p>On the battlefield, electronic warfare and electronic warfare systems act as a single mechanism. As is already clear, first intelligence detects a threat, then suppression means neutralize it. <\/p>\n<h3>\nDrone suppression<\/h3>\n<p>Drones have become one of the biggest challenges of modern warfare. They are cheap, mobile, and effective. And this is both an advantage for us and, unfortunately, for the enemy. Electronic warfare counters them in several ways:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Control channel lock <\/strong>&#8211; the drone loses contact with the operator and hangs or lands<\/li>\n<li><strong>GPS interference <\/strong>&#8211; without navigation, the drone cannot complete the flight task<\/li>\n<li>Command substitution &#8211; individual systems can take control of the drone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Portable jammers are especially effective for FPV drones, which have become a massive threat on the front lines.<\/p>\n<h3>\nCommunication and navigation jamming<\/h3>\n<p>Modern troops depend on radio communications and satellite navigation. Electronic warfare jams these channels, depriving the enemy of coordination. If a unit cannot contact headquarters or obtain accurate coordinates, its effectiveness drops significantly.  <\/p>\n<p>Typical goals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>VHF and HF radio stations<\/li>\n<li>Satellite communication<\/li>\n<li>GPS, GLONASS, Galileo<\/li>\n<li>Data transmission systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Protecting our own military systems<\/h3>\n<p>EW works not only for destruction, but also for defense, and here its role is sometimes more important than in offensive operations. Defensive EW modes are essentially a constant \u201cbackground cover\u201d that allows units to carry out their missions without the risk of becoming an easy target for radio-controlled munitions or drones. <\/p>\n<p>The complexes can create so-called <strong>\u201cprotective domes\u201d<\/strong> over equipment or positions. This is not a physical dome \u2014 it is a controlled zone of radio interference, where any attempt by the enemy to use a guided munition or UAV comes to naught. The system cuts off communication channels, clogs the ranges through which the saboteurs operate, or disrupts the navigation of drones to such an extent that they cannot complete the task.  <\/p>\n<p>Practically it looks like this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Against kamikaze drones:<\/strong> when the device approaches the cover zone, electronic warfare knocks out its GPS\/GLONASS, cuts off the telemetry and control channel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Against guided mines and radio-explosive shells:<\/strong> EW blocks the frequencies on which the detonating mechanism operates, or creates such noise that the signal cannot pass through.<\/li>\n<li><strong>When covering a column or position:<\/strong> mobile electronic warfare systems \u201cdrag\u201d the dome behind them, reducing the likelihood of the FPV hitting previously scouted vehicles. Even if the FPV operator sees the vehicle in the optics, as soon as it enters the suppression zone, the signal starts to fall, and the accuracy of the hit is lost. <\/li>\n<li>Protection of headquarters, warehouses, and RER positions: here the dome works as a filter \u2014 anything approaching with suspicious frequency characteristics is immediately blocked.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is not a perfect shield \u2014 there are blind spots, there are nuances of operation depending on the terrain, there is the enemy&#8217;s adaptation to other frequencies. But without these &#8220;protective domes&#8221; our losses would be many times greater. <\/p>\n<p>Therefore, electronic warfare in defensive mode is an active survival system for units that literally creates safe corridors in places where soldiers risk their lives every moment.<\/p>\n<h2>\nElectronic warfare and electronic warfare technologies and systems in Ukraine<\/h2>\n<p>Ukrainian forces use a wide range of systems, from portable jammers to strategic complexes. Some of the equipment is inherited from Soviet times, some is obtained from partners, and most of the systems are developed by Ukraine itself. They are cheaper and take into account real needs on the battlefield.  <\/p>\n<h3>\nTactical and mobile systems<\/h3>\n<p>These tools work at the level of individual units and positions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Bukovel-AD&#8221;<\/strong> is an automotive complex for protection against drones, operating in automatic mode<\/li>\n<li><strong>Portable jammers <\/strong>&#8211; worn by individual fighters, block FPV drones and control systems at distances of up to several kilometers<\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Enclave&#8221;<\/strong> \u2014 a mobile station for detecting and direction finding radio station signals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Operational-tactical and strategic systems<\/h3>\n<p>More powerful complexes protect entire areas or critical infrastructure:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Nota&#8221;<\/strong> is a jamming station capable of blocking communications and navigation for tens of kilometers<\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Polen&#8221; <\/strong>is a multi-channel system for protecting objects from drone strikes<\/li>\n<li><strong>Imported complexes<\/strong> \u2014 including systems from Western partners<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>PEP systems<\/h3>\n<p>Electronic reconnaissance requires accuracy and sensitivity. Ukrainian units use: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Direction finders<\/strong> \u2014 determine the direction to the signal source<\/li>\n<li>Spectrum analyzers \u2014 recognize the type and characteristics of radio electronic emissions<\/li>\n<li>Automated complexes \u2014 collect data, analyze it in real time, and transmit it to decision-making centers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In particular, drongrif.com presents drones designed to counter electronic warfare, which help the army obtain critical data on enemy activity:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/device\/uav-grif-10-inches-pprc-anti-ewb\/\">Drone 10 inches GRIF PPRC (Anti-EW)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/device\/uav-griffin-opto-15\/\">GRIF-Wholesale 15<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>The role of electronic warfare and electronic warfare in warfare and modern operations<\/h2>\n<p>No operation is possible today without electronic warfare. Electronic warfare and electronic warfare systems solve several strategic tasks: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Troop protection<\/strong> &#8211; complexes cover columns of equipment, positions, and concentration areas<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fire damage<\/strong> &#8211; PER data is transmitted to artillery for precise strikes on command posts and radars<\/li>\n<li>Disorganization of the enemy &#8211; jamming communications hinders coordination and reduces the effectiveness of attacks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In some episodes of the war, the successful use of electronic warfare saved entire units from attacks by enemy drones or artillery that could not obtain target coordinates.<\/p>\n<h2>\nAdvantages and challenges of using EW and RER<\/h2>\n<p>Technologies are not omnipotent. They have both strengths and limitations. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Advantages:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Contactless threat neutralization<\/li>\n<li>Possibility of protecting large areas with one complex<\/li>\n<li>Intelligence gathering without risk to people<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Challenges:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The enemy adapts \u2014 changes frequencies, uses coding, applies optical control channels<\/li>\n<li>Powerful electronic warfare stations can interfere with one&#8217;s own troops<\/li>\n<li>High degree of technical complexity requires trained personnel<\/li>\n<li>Limited battery life for portable devices<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Private production and innovation in Ukraine<\/h2>\n<p>Unfortunately, the state does not have time to provide everything necessary (mostly because the need is huge), so private companies and volunteers are actively filling the gaps. Dozens of startups are developing jammers, drone detectors, and radio signal analysis systems. <\/p>\n<p>It is Ukrainian teams that ensure rapid adaptation to new threats. They can quickly change designs, test solutions in the field, and produce products in small batches \u2014 where large enterprises cannot keep up. <\/p>\n<p>Innovations include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Compact detectors for detecting FPV drones<\/li>\n<li>Automatic signal classification systems<\/li>\n<li>Integration of PER with reconnaissance drones for target triangulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Prospects for the development of electronic warfare and electronic warfare in Ukraine<\/h2>\n<p>Electronic warfare will only intensify. Experts predict several directions of development: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Artificial intelligence <\/strong>\u2014 automatic threat recognition, signal classification, selection of countermeasure method without operator participation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Network-centricity <\/strong>\u2014 combining all electronic warfare and electronic warfare systems into a single network for coordinated actions<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mini and micro systems<\/strong> \u2014 jammers the size of a smartphone, built into a fighter&#8217;s equipment<\/li>\n<li><strong>Counter-EW <\/strong>\u2014 systems to protect one&#8217;s own radio frequencies from enemy suppression<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is worth highlighting the development of drone detection tools that operate at low power or use optical channels &#8211; these threats require new approaches.<br \/>\nMilitary electronic warfare (EW) and electronic warfare (EW) systems are a critical component of modern defense. They save lives, provide battlefield advantages, and change the very nature of warfare. And as the conflict continues, these technologies will continue to advance even faster.  <\/p>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"bottom-section\">\n            744 views        <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"user-actions\">\n        <div class=\"like-dislike\">\n            <button class=\"vote-btn like-btn\" data-id=\"2242\" data-vote=\"like\">\n                <span class=\"like-1\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path d=\"M2.12688 12.7876L3.50688 19.3876C3.61268 19.9299 3.90424 20.4183 4.33135 20.7687C4.75846 21.1192 5.2944 21.3097 5.84688 21.3076H15.9269C16.5628 21.3057 17.1722 21.0522 17.6218 20.6026C18.0715 20.1529 18.325 19.5435 18.3269 18.9076V10.6276C18.3365 10.1809 18.2111 9.74175 17.9669 9.3676L16.2269 6.6676L14.6069 3.9076C14.3681 3.49468 14.0135 3.16088 13.5869 2.94758C13.1603 2.73427 12.6805 2.65083 12.2069 2.7076H12.0869C9.74688 3.0676 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100vw, 192px\" \/>                <\/a>\n\n                <div class=\"content\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/device\/uav-grif\/\">\n                        <span class=\"title\">BpAK Grif<\/span>\n                    <\/a>\n\n                    <p>Ready-to-fly aviation complex with remote control, tablet, mast-mounted repeater, FPV goggles, and 500 drones in the set<\/p>\n\n                    <br \/>\n<b>Warning<\/b>:  Undefined array key 1 in <b>\/home\/hryf\/drongrif.com\/www\/wp-content\/themes\/Proacto-Theme\/template-parts\/blocks\/pr-products-sidebar.php<\/b> on line <b>40<\/b><br \/>\n\n                    <span class=\"price\">\n                        <i><\/i>\n                        0                     <\/span>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"item\">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/device\/uav-grif-m\/\" class=\"image-container\">\n                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"193\" height=\"240\" src=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/component_1-removebg-preview.png\" class=\"attachment-240x240 size-240x240 wp-post-image\" alt=\"UAV Grif-M\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/component_1-removebg-preview.png 448w, https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/component_1-removebg-preview-242x300.png 242w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 193px) 100vw, 193px\" \/>                <\/a>\n\n                <div class=\"content\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/device\/uav-grif-m\/\">\n                        <span class=\"title\">UAV Grif-M<\/span>\n                    <\/a>\n\n                    <p>A complex with a Mavic charging station, a repeater and full support for combat missions.<\/p>\n\n                    <br \/>\n<b>Warning<\/b>:  Undefined array key 1 in <b>\/home\/hryf\/drongrif.com\/www\/wp-content\/themes\/Proacto-Theme\/template-parts\/blocks\/pr-products-sidebar.php<\/b> on line <b>40<\/b><br \/>\n\n                    <span class=\"price\">\n                        <i><\/i>\n                        0                     <\/span>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"item\">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/device\/uav-vulture-2\/\" class=\"image-container\">\n                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"240\" height=\"197\" src=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1.png\" class=\"attachment-240x240 size-240x240 wp-post-image\" alt=\"Grif 10 \u2014 FPV kamikaze drone\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1.png 792w, https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1-300x247.png 300w, https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1-768x631.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/>                <\/a>\n\n                <div class=\"content\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/device\/uav-vulture-2\/\">\n                        <span class=\"title\">UAV Vulture<\/span>\n                    <\/a>\n\n                    <p>FPV drone 10 for strike missions. Operating range up to 20+ km, combat load up to 3 kg. Ideal for mass use.  <\/p>\n\n                    <br \/>\n<b>Warning<\/b>:  Undefined array key 1 in <b>\/home\/hryf\/drongrif.com\/www\/wp-content\/themes\/Proacto-Theme\/template-parts\/blocks\/pr-products-sidebar.php<\/b> on line <b>40<\/b><br \/>\n\n                    <span class=\"price\">\n                        <i><\/i>\n                        0                     <\/span>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"questions\" id=\"questions-section\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n                    <h2 class=\"section-title headline headline-h2 questions__title\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n                            <ul class=\"questions__list\">\n                                    <li class=\"questions__item question\">\n                        <div class=\"question__header\">\n                            <h3>How is EW different from RER?\r\n<\/h3>\n                            <span class=\"question__arrow\"><\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"question__answer\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PERS is passive intelligence, it collects data on enemy radio signals. What is PERS? It is a system for intercepting and analyzing radiation without active interference. EW is active countermeasures that suppress or deceive enemy systems. Often they work together: PERS detects the target, EW neutralizes it.    <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/li>\n                                    <li class=\"questions__item question\">\n                        <div class=\"question__header\">\n                            <h3>What types of drones can be suppressed by EW?\r\n<\/h3>\n                            <span class=\"question__arrow\"><\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"question__answer\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Almost all drones are radio-controlled, from DJI Mavic to FPV kamikaze. The exception is autonomous systems with a preset route or drones with an optical control channel (via cable). For them, electronic warfare is ineffective, other methods are required &#8211; physical destruction or interception.  <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/li>\n                                    <li class=\"questions__item question\">\n                        <div class=\"question__header\">\n                            <h3>Can I use EW without PER?\r\n<\/h3>\n                            <span class=\"question__arrow\"><\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"question__answer\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is possible, but the effectiveness drops sharply. Jamming the entire radio spectrum is &#8220;shooting in the square.&#8221; Without accurate data on the frequencies, power, and location of enemy systems, electronic warfare operates at random. EER provides accurate information that allows the use of targeted interference and saves equipment resources.   <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                    <\/li>\n                            <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"posts-rec\">\n    <h2>We recommend you to <\/h2>\n\n    <div class=\"post-rec-swiper swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                                \n                    <div class=\"content-post content-card swiper-slide\">\n                        <div class=\"content-card__img\">\n                                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/radio-electronic-reconnaissance-rer-essence-and-principles-of-operation\/\">\n                                    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"660\" height=\"337\" src=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/70661c30438aeae0.webp\" class=\"attachment-848x424 size-848x424 wp-post-image\" alt=\"Radio-electronic reconnaissance (RER): essence and principles of operation\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/70661c30438aeae0.webp 660w, https:\/\/drongrif.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/70661c30438aeae0-300x153.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/>                                <\/a>\n                                                    <\/div>\n\n                        <div class=\"content-card__content\">\n                            <div class=\"content-card__tags\">\n                                                            <\/div>\n\n                            <h3 class=\"content-card__title\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/radio-electronic-reconnaissance-rer-essence-and-principles-of-operation\/\">\n                                    Radio-electronic reconnaissance (RER): essence and principles of operation                                <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                        <div class=\"content-card__footer\">\n                            <span class=\"content-card__author\">\n                                by Roman                            <\/span>\n\n                            <span class=\"content-card__date\">\n                                30.10.2025                            <\/span>\n\n                            <div class=\"networks\">\n                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/share\/url?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdrongrif.com%2Fen%2Fradio-electronic-reconnaissance-rer-essence-and-principles-of-operation%2F&#038;text=Radio-electronic+reconnaissance+%28RER%29%3A+essence+and+principles+of+operation\" class=\"link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n                                    <svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g 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class=\"content-card__tags\">\n                                                            <\/div>\n\n                            <h3 class=\"content-card__title\">\n                                <a href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/bpa-definition-types-principles-of-operation-and-application\/\">\n                                    BPA: definition, types, principles of operation and application                                <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                        <div class=\"content-card__footer\">\n                            <span class=\"content-card__author\">\n                                by Roman                            <\/span>\n\n                            <span class=\"content-card__date\">\n                                30.10.2025                            <\/span>\n\n                            <div class=\"networks\">\n                                                                <a 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href=\"https:\/\/drongrif.com\/en\/kamikaze-drone-working-principle-and-role-in-modern-warfare\/\">\n                                    Kamikaze drone: working principle and role in modern warfare                                <\/a>\n                            <\/h3>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                        <div class=\"content-card__footer\">\n                            <span class=\"content-card__author\">\n                                by Roman                            <\/span>\n\n                            <span class=\"content-card__date\">\n                                30.09.2025                            <\/span>\n\n                            <div class=\"networks\">\n                                                                <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/share\/url?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdrongrif.com%2Fen%2Fkamikaze-drone-working-principle-and-role-in-modern-warfare%2F&#038;text=Kamikaze+drone%3A+working+principle+and+role+in+modern+warfare\" 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